A look through Latin America truck drivers' health, a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Heavy truck drivers represent a social group of great importance to any country's economy. Their professional activity requires a high level of dedication. Due to the irregular hours in their work routine and adopted habits, they mostly predispose them to a diversity of health problems. The purpose of this study is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis aiming to identify the prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity in Latin American Truck Drivers. We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and LILACS databases, for scientific publications articles, as reported by The PRISMA Statement. From 1,382, 7 studies were included according to the established criteria. The hypertension prevalence found was 34.2%, diabetes was of 9.2% and the highest prevalence found was for overweight and obesity (56%). Meta-analysis presented that drivers have a higher prevalence of overweight or obesity when compared to eutrophic individuals and that drivers with diabetes and hyperglycemia have a lower prevalence. Due to their work activity, their access to the health system is compromised limiting any type of monitoring of their health. This study showed that there is, in Latin America, an investment and assistance gap, both in the health sector and in the research section, for this professional category, which is so important to the economy of these countries. These data should help to identify the difficulties faced by this professional in health assistance, road safety, public safety, leisure and social life. This research also highlighted that they are young and already have the first sign of non-transmissible chronic diseases, which is overweight and obesity.

Prevalence and Impact of Academic Violence in Medical Education.

Situations of mistreatment in the academic environment are prevalent worldwide, but research in this area is scarce in middle-low-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of mistreatment inflicted against Brazilian medical students. In addition, characterize these situations and analyze their consequences. Cross-sectional study conducted with 831 medical students from public and private institutions. Absolute and relative frequencies of the analyzed variables and possible associations were determined through univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Chi-square test of association with second-order Rao-Scott adjustment was also used. The response rate was 56%. Public institution pointed to a higher prevalence of mistreatment when compared to private (59% versus 43%). Female students were the most affected. Verbal and psychological aggression was more prevalent. The aggressor usually was a faculty member. Mistreatment incidence increased over the years of training, with higher rates in the internship. About 94% of the students felt affected in anyway, with 77% feeling diminished and depressed. More than 50% reported impaired academic performance. Almost 30% sought help from experts. The reporting rate was extremely low. Adequate identification of the situations by the victims, safe reporting mechanisms and, an educational system capable of maintaining an appropriate learning environment are essential to break this destructive cycle.

The Impact of Violence on the Anxiety Levels of Healthcare Personnel During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic stressed the importance of healthcare personnel. However, there is evidence of an increase in violence against them, which brings consequences, such as anxiety. The aim of this study was to analyze the anxiety levels of health professionals who have or not suffered violence during the COVID-19 pandemic, and verify the variables associated with the risk of starting to take medication for anxiety. Methods: We assessed the anxiety profile of health professionals in Brazil through an online questionnaire, using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale (GAD-7), in relation to groups of participants who have or not suffered violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. We used Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient to check the consistency of the responses, and the effect size using the r coefficient. Principal Component Analysis was used to verify the differences in anxiety scores between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis was also used to verify the variables associated with the risk of starting medication for anxiety and considered statistically significant when p < 0.05. Results: A total of 1,166 health professionals participated in the study, in which 34.13% had a normal anxiety profile, 40.14% mild, 15.78% moderate, and 9.95% severe. The mean score of the sum of the GAD-7 was 7.03 (SD 5.20). The group that suffered violence had a higher mean (8.40; SD 5.42) compared to the group that did not (5.70; SD 4.60). In addition, the median between both groups was significantly different (7.0 vs. 5.0; p < 0.01). Approximately 18.70% of the participants reported having started taking medication to treat anxiety during the pandemic. The factors that increased the chances of these professionals starting medication for anxiety p < 0.05 were having suffered violence during the pandemic (OR 1.97; 95% CI 1.42-2.77), being nurses (OR 1.61; 95% CI 1.04-2.47) or other types of health professionals (OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.04-2.38), and having a mild (OR 2.11; 95% CI 1.37-3.34), moderate (OR 4.05; 95% CI 2.48-6.71) or severe (OR 9.08; 95% CI 5.39-15.6) anxiety level. Conclusion: Brazilian healthcare professionals who have suffered violence during the pandemic have higher anxiety scores and higher risk to start taking anxiety medication.

Predictors of violence against health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The increase in violence against health professionals in the COVID-19 pandemic makes it necessary to identify the predictors of violence, in order to prevent these events from happening. OBJECTIVE: Evaluating the prevalence and analyzing the variables involved in the occurrence of violence against health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study conducted online involving Brazilian health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data were collected through a structured questionnaire (Google Online Form) sent to health professionals on social networks and analyzed through logistic regression by using sociodemographic variables. The set of grouped variables was assigned to the final model when p <0.05. A network was built using the Mixed Graph Models (MGM) approach. A centrality measurement chart was constructed to determine which nodes have the greatest influence, strength and connectivity between the nodes around them. RESULTS: The predictors of violence in the adjusted regression model were the following: being a nursing technician / assistant; having been working for less than 20 years; working for over 37 hours a week; having suffered violence before the pandemic; having been contaminated with COVID-19; working in direct contact with patients infected by the virus; and having family members who have suffered violence. The network created with professionals who suffered violence demonstrated that the aggressions occurred mainly in the workplace, with an indication of psycho-verbal violence. In cases in which the aggressors were close people, aggressions were non-verbal and happened both in public and private places. The assaults practiced by strangers occurred in public places. CONCLUSIONS: Violence against health professionals occurs implicitly and explicitly, with consequences that can affect both their psychosocial well-being and the assistance given to their patients and families.

VARIABLES INVOLVED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SCHOOL BULLYING: A BAYESIAN NETWORK ANALYSIS.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the management of bullying by the managers of elementary schools. METHODS: Descriptive, exploratory research carried out through semi-structured interviews with 17 school counselors from a city in the South of Brazil, randomly selected from different geographical sectors. The interviews were recorded with participants' consent and, after transcription and checking, were discarded. The interviews covered the following subjects: sociodemographic characterization of subjects, school functioning, comprehension, recognition and management of bullying cases by counselors. Data analysis was performed using the Bayesian network associated with content analysis. RESULTS: The majority of subjects were females, between 30 and 50 years old. Fifteen subjects were graduated in pedagogy, and all had postgraduate degrees. Most of them worked as counselor for less than three years. Only two subjects, between 30 and 50 years old, understood the term bullying. Case recognition was lower in this age group. Having a degree influenced positively the recognition of bullying. The higher the number of students in the school, the lower the recognition of cases by managers. All subjects managed cases by addressing children, families, staff, and involving professionals and support groups. CONCLUSIONS: The understanding and recognition of bullying was given by a few interviewees. All managers reported similar management actions in the cases. Given the scarcity of studies on bullying management in schools, more studies in this area could improve the approach of cases and contribute to their reduction.

Variables involved in the management of school bullying: a bayesian network analysis / Variáveis envolvidas no gerenciamento de conflitos do tipo bullying em escolas: uma análise de rede bayesiana

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the management of bullying by the managers of elementary schools. Methods: Descriptive, exploratory research carried out through semi-structured interviews with 17 school counselors from a city in the South of Brazil, randomly selected from different geographical sectors. The interviews were recorded with participants' consent and, after transcription and checking, were discarded. The interviews covered the following subjects: sociodemographic characterization of subjects, school functioning, comprehension, recognition and management of bullying cases by counselors. Data analysis was performed using the Bayesian network associated with content analysis. Results: The majority of subjects were females, between 30 and 50 years old. Fifteen subjects were graduated in pedagogy, and all had postgraduate degrees. Most of them worked as counselor for less than three years. Only two subjects, between 30 and 50 years old, understood the term bullying. Case recognition was lower in this age group. Having a degree influenced positively the recognition of bullying. The higher the number of students in the school, the lower the recognition of cases by managers. All subjects managed cases by addressing children, families, staff, and involving professionals and support groups. Conclusions: The understanding and recognition of bullying was given by a few interviewees. All managers reported similar management actions in the cases. Given the scarcity of studies on bullying management in schools, more studies in this area could improve the approach of cases and contribute to their reduction.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o gerenciamento de conflitos do tipo bullying pelos gestores de escolas de ensino fundamental. Métodos: Pesquisa descritiva e exploratória realizada por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 17 orientadores de escolas escolhidas aleatoriamente de um município do Sul do Brasil, contemplando os diversos setores geográficos locais. As entrevistas foram gravadas mediante consentimento, e, após transcrição e conferência pelos sujeitos, descartadas. As entrevistas abordam: caracterização sociodemográfica dos sujeitos, funcionamento da escola e compreensão, reconhecimento e gerenciamento dos casos de bullying pelos orientadores. A análise dos dados foi feita com base na rede bayesiana associada à análise de conteúdo. Resultados: A maioria dos sujeitos era do sexo feminino e tinha entre 30 e 50 anos. Quinze sujeitos eram formados em pedagogia, e todos possuíam pós-graduação. A maioria atuava na função de orientador havia menos de três anos. A compreensão do termo bullying deu-se apenas por dois sujeitos, com idade entre 30 e 50 anos. Já o reconhecimento dos casos foi menor nessa faixa etária. Ter feito pós-graduação influenciou positivamente o reconhecimento de bullying. Quanto maior o número de alunos na escola, menor o reconhecimento dos casos pelos gestores. Todos os sujeitos gerenciaram os casos abordando as crianças, famílias e equipe e envolvendo profissionais e núcleos de apoio. Conclusões: A compreensão e o reconhecimento do bullying deram-se por poucos entrevistados. Todos os gestores relataram ações de gerenciamento semelhantes diante dos casos. Tendo em vista a escassez de estudos sobre gestão de bullying na escola, mais estudos nessa área poderiam melhorar a abordagem dos casos, contribuindo para sua redução.

Relationship between leadership, bullying in the workplace and turnover intention among nurses.

AIM: To identify the factors associated with bullying and turnover intention among nurses. BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated an association between leadership, bullying and turnover intention. However, few studies to date have addressed this topic among nurses. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted using web-based data collection followed by data analysis using logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression models. RESULTS: Having more than one job (odds ratio (OR) = 2.9) and a low relationship-oriented leadership style (OR = 5.8) were positively associated with personal and work-related bullying, respectively. A low relationship-oriented leadership style (OR = 4.0), age of 19-29 years (OR = 4.5) and length of employment at the institution of 5-10 years (OR = 4.9) were positively correlated with a high turnover intention. The following variables were correlated with a moderate turnover intention: a low relationship-oriented leadership style (OR = 3.4), having a bachelor's degree (OR = 2.0) and working in a philanthropic institution (OR = 2.5). Working in a private institution (OR = 0.8) was negatively associated with a moderate turnover intention. CONCLUSIONS: A low relationship-oriented leadership style and social and work factors were associated with bullying and turnover intention. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSE MANAGERS: Nurse managers, in addition to developing technical skills, need to develop skills to manage human relationships to prevent bullying and turnover among nurses.

Age-related risk factors with nonfatal traffic accidents in urban areas in Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to analyze the factors associated with the occurrence of nonfatal traffic accidents regarding age. METHODS: A retrospective, transversal, and analytical study was carried out in the municipality of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil, based on data from Boletins de Ocorrência de Acidente de Trânsito ("Police Occurrence Bulletins"; BOATs). Following probability sampling, the sociodemographic aspects, logistics, environmental conditions, and time of occurrence of 418 cases of accidents were analyzed. The age of the victims was considered to be the dependent variable. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and bivariate, multivariate, and variance analysis, considering a confidence interval of 95% and a significance level of 5% (P <.05). RESULTS: Results revealed that young people (15-29 years) were twice as likely to be hospitalized due to severe injuries. Young motorcyclists had a 2.5 times greater chance of suffering accidents (P <.001); the use of other vehicles such as cars, bicycles, buses, and trucks represented a protective factor for this group (P <.05). Multiple logistic regression revealed that the main predictors for the occurrence of accidents were being single, having over 8 years of education, having had a driver's license for less than 3 years, roads with low luminosity, and driving at night. CONCLUSIONS: Demographic, environmental, and logistical factors were associated with morbidity due to traffic accidents among young people. These results challenge society and policy makers to create more effective strategies to minimize this serious public health problem.

Coleta de Dados via Web: Ferramenta coadjuvante na abordagem de temas delicados / Data Collection via Web: Supporting tool in sensitive issues approach / Recopilación de Datos via Web: Apoyo a la herramienta en temas sensibles enfoque

Relato de experiência do desenvolvimento criterioso e bem sucedido de uma coleta de dados via web, realizada por meio da aplicação de instrumento eletrônico para identificar enfermeiros assediados no ambiente de trabalho. Os participantes do estudo foram enfermeiros da rede pública e privada de um município localizado na região Noroeste do Estado do Paraná/Brasil. A experiência de investigação por meio de coleta de dados via web foi constituída de três etapas: Preparação do ambiente de pesquisa, Recrutamento dos sujeitos e Coleta de dados. A coleta de dados via web permitiu o acesso a grande parte da população de diferentes áreas e setores. O lembrete via sistema e contato via telefone mostraram-se grandes promotores à participação dos sujeitos. Embora essa forma de coleta de dados permita acesso fácil ao sujeito, exige do pesquisador o monitoramento constante uma vez que muitas pessoas demonstraram não ter familiaridade com esse tipo de abordagem.

Development experience report judicious and successful of a data collection via web, performed by electronic means for the implementation in order to identify harassed nurses in the workplace. Study participants were nurses from the public and private network a municipality located in the Northwest region of Paraná / Brazil. The experience of research through data collection via web consisted of three stages: Preparation of the research environment, subject recruitment and data collection. Data collection via web enabled access to much of the population in different areas and sectors. The reminder system via and contact telephone proved to be great promoters participation of the subjects. Although this form of data collection allows easy access to the subject, the researcher requires constant monitoring since many people showed not be familiar with this type of approach.

Desarrollo relato de experiencia acertada y exitosa de una colección de datos vía web, realizada por medios electrónicos para la puesta em práctica con el fin de identificar las enfermeras acossados em el lugar de trabajo. Los participantes del estúdio eran enfermeras de la red pública y privada um municipio situado em la región noroeste de Paraná / Brasil. La experiencia de la investigación a través de la recopilación de datos vía web consta de tres etapas: Preparación del entorno de la investigación, el reclutamiento de sujetos y recopilación de datos. La recolección de datos vía web habilitado el acceso a gran parte de la población em las diferentes áreas y sectores. El sistema de recordatorio a través de y teléfono de contacto demostraron ser grandes promotores de la participación de lossujetos. Aunque esta forma de recolección de datos permite un fácil acceso a lamateria, el investigador requiere constante vigilanciaya que muchas personas no mostraron estar familiarizados con este tipo de enfoque.

Fatores associados à ocorrência de violência obstétrica institucional: uma revisão integrativa da literatura / Factors associated with obstetric violence: An integrative review of the literature

Objective To perform an integrative review of the literature on the factors associated with obstetric violence and to present the main pieces of evidence found in the selected articles. Methods Data were collected from 20 articles published in the databases MedLine, LILACS, SciELO, and Google Scholar between the years 2010-2016. Results The professionals described as promoters of obstetric violence were physicians, nursing staff, and medical students. The results were systematized and discussed by five categories: (1) health professional education; (2) episiotomy without clinical recommendation; (3) excessive labor medication; (4) taking away the right to a companion; and (5) institutional unpreparedness and an estranging work pace associated with inadequate resources. The women's right to be the protagonists of their own story should not be denied to them by not providing proper, safe, qualified, respectful, and science-based health care. Conclusion In conclusion this study may help to sensitize professionals to change violent practices. Once the factors associated with obstetric violence are identified, it is possible to intervene directly and encourage managers and institutions to implement humane teaching practices and improve the quality of public health services.

Objetivo Realizar revisão integrativa da literatura sobre os fatores associados à ocorrência de violência obstétrica institucional e apresentar as principais evidências encontradas nos artigos selecionados. Métodos Os dados foram adquiridos através da seleção de artigos nas bases: MedLine, LILACS; SciELO e Google Acadêmico. A amostra foi composta por 20 artigos publicados entre os anos de 2010 e 2016. Resultados Diante da análise dos estudos, constatou-se que os profissionais descritos como promotores da violência obstétrica foram os médicos, equipe de enfermagem e estudantes de medicina. Os resultados encontrados foram sistematizados e discutidos por meio de cinco categorias: (1) formação dos profissionais de saúde; (2) prática de episiotomia sem recomendação clínica; (3) medicalização excessiva do parto; (4) anulação do direito ao acompanhante; (5) despreparo institucional e ritmo de trabalho alienante associado à precariedade de recursos. Não se deve tirar o direito da mulher de ser protagonista de sua história, com acesso a uma assistência à saúde adequada, segura, qualificada, respeitosa, humanizada e baseada em evidências científicas. Conclusão Conclui-se que esta pesquisa pode contribuir para a sensibilização no processo de mudança das práticas violentas. A partir da identificação dos fatores associados à ocorrência de violência obstétrica, é possível intervir de forma diretiva e possibilitar o incentivo aos gestores e instituições para implementação de práticas de ensino humanizado e melhorias na qualidade dos serviços de saúde pública.

Acidentes de trabalho por trajeto ocorrido na região noroeste do Paraná: impactos e consequências / Labor accidents on workers route to work in the northwestern region of the state of Paraná, Brazil: impact and consequences

Objetivo ­ Analisar os acidentes de Trabalho por Trajeto, registrados no Instituto Nacional de Previdência Social-GEX Maringá-PR, no período de 2007 a 2011. Métodos ­ Os dados coletados foram apresentados em frequências absoluta e relativa descritiva. Resultados ­ Ocorreram 1.616 vítimas de acidentes de trabalho por trajeto, prevalência do sexo masculino, maior incidência no ano de 2008 com 25,31% contabilizando total de 24 óbitos. Maior frequência com o meio de locomoção moto, representando 37,06% do total de acidentes. Em todos os casos, os índices de afastamento de trabalhadores de suas atividades laborais foram quase a totalidade dos registros. Maior prevalência do acometimento dos membros inferiores com 45,9%. Conclusões ­ Pela extensão dos acidentes de trabalho por trajeto é necessário que seja investido em ações de política governamentais e empresariais

Objective ­ To analyze Labor Accidents, registered at the National Institute of Social Security-GEX Maringá - PR Brazil, between 2007 and 2011, by route. Methods ­ Collected data were given as descriptive absolute and relative frequencies. Results ­ here were 1616 labor victims of accidents on workers´ route to work; males were prevalent, higher incidence in the year 2008, with 25.31%; featuring 24 deaths. Motorbikes had the highest frequency, with 37.06% of total accidents. In all cases the rate of labor absenteeism occurred in almost all the records. A higher prevalence of injury of the lower limbs, totaling 45,9%, occurred. Conclusions ­ By the extent of occupational accidents per routh needs to be invested in government and corporate policy actions.

The death of a young son in violent circumstance: understanding the experience of the mother.

This study was aimed at understanding the life of a mother who lost their child in violent circumstances. The methodological proceedings were supported on phenomenology. The study population was constituted by five mothers who had lost its young children for homicide. These homicides occurred different times ranging from 50 days to 10 years. I used as instrument of collection of data open interview the phenomenological method guided by a orienting question. The analysis phenomenology in their discourses showed the comprehension of essential meanings which were systematized in categories: the child's mummification in the memory; the two ways followed by the publicity concerning the death; fondness to spirituality to endure the pain from the child's death; maternal complicity and impunity. The results of this study can contribute to elaboration of intervention proposals close to the mothers in the sense of helping them in the reorganization of their lives after son's death.

The death of a young son in violent circumstance: understanding the experience of the mother / La muerte de un hijo joven en circunstancias violentas: comprendiendo la vivencia de la madre / A morte de um filho jovem em circunstância violenta: compreendendo a vivência da mãe

This study was aimed at understanding the life of a mother who lost their child in violent circumstances. The methodological proceedings were supported on phenomenology. The study population was constituted by five mothers who had lost its young children for homicide. These homicides occurred different times ranging from 50 days to 10 years. I used as instrument of collection of data open interview the phenomenological method guided by a orienting question. The analysis phenomenology in their discourses showed the comprehension of essential meanings which were systematized in categories: the child's mummification in the memory; the two ways followed by the publicity concerning the death; fondness to spirituality to endure the pain from the child's death; maternal complicity and impunity. The results of this study can contribute to elaboration of intervention proposals close to the mothers in the sense of helping them in the reorganization of their lives after son's death.

Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo comprender la vivencia de la madre delante de la pérdida de un hijo joven en circunstancias violentas. El procedimiento metodológico fue guiado por la fenomenología. La población del estudio fue constituida por cinco madres que perdieron sus hijos jóvenes por homicidio. Esos homicidios ocurrieron en distintos intervalos de tiempo, entre 50 días y 10 años. Utilizamos como instrumento de recolección de datos la entrevista abierta del método fenomenológico dirigida por una pregunta orientadora. El análisis fenomenológico de los discursos reveló la comprensión de los significados esenciales sistematizados en las categorías: momificando el hijo en la memoria; los caminos recorridos por la publicidad frente a la muerte; apego a la espiritualidad para soportar el dolor de la muerte de un hijo; complicidad materna; e impunidad de los asesinos. Los resultados de este estudio pueden contribuir para elaborar propuestas de intervención junto a las madres para ayudarlas a reconstruir sus vidas después de la muerte de un hijo.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo compreender a vivência da mãe na perda de um filho jovem em circunstâncias violentas. O procedimento metodológico foi apoiado na fenomenologia. A população de estudo foi constituída por cinco mães que perderam seus filhos jovens por homicídio. Esses homicídios aconteceram em épocas distintas, com intervalo de tempo entre 50 dias e 10 anos. Utilizou-se como instrumento de coleta de dados a entrevista aberta do método fenomenológico, norteado por uma questão orientadora. A análise fenomenológica dos discursos desvelou a compreensão das significações essenciais sistematizadas nas categorias: mumificação do filho na memória; dois caminhos trilhados pela publicidade frente à morte; apego à espiritualidade para suportar a dor da morte de um filho; cumplicidade materna e impunidade dos assassinos. Os resultados deste estudo podem contribuir para a elaboração de propostas de intervenção junto às mães no sentido de ajudá-las na reorganização de suas vidas após a morte de um filho.